Discover the value of a London School of Economics undergraduate diploma, one of the world’s most prestigious social science institutions. This comprehensive guide covers everything international students need to know, from admission requirements and academic structure to graduate outcomes, student life, and how to start your application journey.
1. Why Choose a London School of Economics Undergraduate Diploma?
The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) stands as a unique institution in the UK’s higher education landscape. Unlike Oxford, Cambridge, or other broad-based universities, LSE is dedicated exclusively to the social sciences – a focused, specialist approach that has made it a global leader in fields like economics, finance, law, politics, and international relations.
For international students, this specialist focus is only part of the appeal; a London School of Economics undergraduate diploma also carries unparalleled prestige. The university boasts a roster of distinguished alumni: 21 Nobel Prize winners, more than 40 world leaders, and countless senior executives at top global institutions. When graduates enter the job market, they not only hold a degree from one of the world’s most academically rigorous institutions – they also gain immediate, widespread recognition from employers across every industry.
1.1 Global Academic Reputation
LSE’s academic reputation is rooted in its unrelenting focus on real-world impact. Here, theory is never taught in a vacuum – every lecture, seminar, and course project ties back to the pressing economic, political, and social challenges shaping our globalized world. This approach is brought to life by a faculty of leading academics, each of whom is not just a teacher, but an active, influential researcher in their field.
This excellence is reflected in LSE’s top-tier global rankings. In the 2026 Times Good University Guide, LSE was named the best university in the UK – outranking even Oxford and Cambridge – while the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2026 placed it 5th globally for social sciences and management. Its departments are consistently rated among the finest in the world: philosophy ranks 2nd, sociology 5th, politics and international studies 5th, and accounting and finance 8th.
The university’s academic quality is further reinforced by its highly selective admissions process. For undergraduate programs, the overall acceptance rate is merely 7% – and for the most competitive economics programs, the offer rate drops to just 27.35%. This means every LSE undergraduate student has already demonstrated exceptional academic ability and intellectual curiosity before even stepping on campus.
1.2 Central London Location Benefits
LSE’s central London campus provides unrivaled access to the world’s most influential financial, political, and cultural institutions. Situated in the City of Westminster, the campus is just 1.5 kilometers from the UK Parliament and a short walk from the Royal Courts of Justice, the City of London’s financial district, and Westminster’s core political hubs. For students aiming to build careers in finance, law, politics, or public policy, this location is nothing short of ideal – it places the world’s top employers and industry leaders right on the university’s doorstep.
This unique environment transforms classroom learning into practical, professional experience. It’s common for LSE students to attend a morning lecture on economics or public policy, then head to the Houses of Parliament in the afternoon to observe a debate or sit in on a committee hearing. For those pursuing finance or law careers, internships at Goldman Sachs, Allen & Overy, or other top-tier firms are just a short commute away. In short, LSE’s campus is more than a place of study – it’s a direct gateway to the professional worlds most students aspire to join.
The advantages extend well beyond academics and careers. Covent Garden – London’s heart of theatre, dining, and entertainment – is just a five-minute walk from campus. The surrounding area is home to world-renowned museums, galleries, and historic landmarks, giving students endless opportunities to explore and engage with the city’s rich cultural life. What’s more, LSE’s compact, self-contained campus means students never have to choose between the close-knit community feel of a traditional university and the boundless opportunities of living in one of the world’s greatest global cities.
2. London School of Economics Undergraduate Diploma: Admission Requirements
As one of the world’s most competitive universities, LSE has rigorous, non-negotiable admission standards for all applicants – and international students are held to the same high academic expectations as UK-based candidates. The university’s selection process is holistic: it focuses not just on raw grades or test scores, but on the combination of subjects students have studied, their genuine academic motivation for choosing a specific program, and their potential to thrive in LSE’s notoriously challenging learning environment.
Meeting the minimum academic requirements is never enough to secure a place. With an acceptance rate of just 7% – and far lower for the most popular programs – successful applicants must demonstrate a clear, genuine passion for their chosen field of study, along with the intellectual curiosity to engage with complex, real-world social science issues.

2.1 Academic Prerequisites
LSE accepts a wide range of international qualifications – including A-levels, the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma, and AP courses – but every applicant must meet the specific subject and grade requirements for their intended degree program. These requirements are non-negotiable: the university explicitly expects all candidates to have studied at least two traditional, academically rigorous subjects – the kind that best prepare them for the demanding coursework at LSE.
For students taking A-levels, the standard offer is typically AAA – with mandatory subject requirements that vary by program. For example, the BSc Economics and Economic History program requires an A-level in Economics or History, plus an A in Mathematics. Similarly, the BSc Data Science program requires students to hold an A-level in “Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches” – a rule that applies to all math-intensive undergraduate programs at the university.
For students pursuing the IB Diploma, the standard offer ranges from 37 to 39 points overall – with higher-level (HL) subject scores of 7,6,6 or 6,6,6, depending on the program. For instance, the BSc Data Science program requires a total score of 39 points, with a 7 in HL Mathematics. The BSc Economics and Economic History program, meanwhile, requires 38 points overall, with a 7 in HL Mathematics and a 6 in either HL Economics or HL History.
Applicants should note that LSE pays close attention to subject combinations – not just grades. For example, the university strongly recommends students applying for math-intensive programs (such as economics, finance, or data science) to take Further Mathematics as an additional A-level or HL subject. This preference is so pronounced that students who do not present this qualification may be at a disadvantage in the competitive selection process.
2.2 English Language Proficiency
All international students whose first language is not English must provide official proof of English language proficiency – a mandatory requirement, both for admission to the university and to secure a UK Student Visa. This is not a superficial administrative rule: LSE’s coursework is extremely reading- and writing-intensive, and the admissions office needs to be certain that every student can fully comprehend complex academic texts, participate in fast-paced graduate-level seminars, and complete all written coursework to the high standards expected at the school.
LSE accepts a limited range of English language qualifications – including the IELTS Academic, TOEFL iBT, and Cambridge English Proficiency (CPE) – and these must be submitted by the application deadline. Applicants should note that this requirement is not flexible: the university will not waive it under any circumstances, even for students with exceptional academic qualifications. It is also important to remember that English language test scores are just one part of the application package – they do not counterbalance any shortcomings in academic qualifications or subject requirements.
2.3 Application Process & Documents
All undergraduate applicants – regardless of their country of origin – must submit their application through the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS), the UK’s centralised platform for undergraduate university applications. LSE does not accept direct submissions or documents sent via email; all materials must be uploaded to the UCAS portal by the relevant deadline.
The UCAS application package for LSE must include the following mandatory documents:
-
Official high school transcripts: These must include all final or predicted grades for completed courses, as well as any relevant national or international examination results.
-
Personal statement: This is a critical component of the application, allowing candidates to explain their academic motivations, career aspirations, and specific reasons for choosing their intended program at LSE.
-
Academic reference letter: This must be written by a teacher, counsellor, or other school official who can speak to the applicant’s academic abilities, work ethic, and suitability for rigorous undergraduate study.
-
Copies of official qualification certificates: These include any completed A-levels, IB Diploma results, AP courses, or other relevant international qualifications.
For applicants still in their final year of secondary school, the university will accept predicted grades – official, formal grade projections submitted by the applicant’s school. However, any offer of admission made on the basis of predicted grades will be conditional on the applicant achieving the exact specified final grades in their examinations. For example, a candidate admitted to the BSc Data Science program with a conditional offer will be required to achieve an IB Diploma score of 39 points, including a 7 in HL Mathematics.
It is important to note that LSE’s undergraduate application deadline is in early January – 10 months before the start of the fall semester. The university receives more than 12,000 applications from over 140 countries each year – and the majority of these applicants are academically qualified. As a result, meeting the minimum requirements is never enough to secure a place. To stand out, candidates must ensure their personal statement is compelling and authentic, and that their academic credentials demonstrate a strong, precise fit for their chosen program.
3. London School of Economics Undergraduate Diploma: Academic Structure
LSE’s undergraduate academic structure is defined by two core principles: academic rigor and real-world relevance. Compared to other UK universities, LSE’s programs are more intensive and demanding, with a heavier focus on independent study, critical thinking, and applying theoretical knowledge to solve actual global problems. The teaching pace is fast, and the expectations for student performance are exceptionally high.
3.1 Degree Programs and Majors
LSE offers over 40 undergraduate degree programs across the full spectrum of social sciences – from economics and finance to law, politics, data science, and beyond. Many of these programs are highly specialised, allowing students to focus deeply on a specific subfield from the start of their studies. The university also offers a wide range of joint honours and combined honours programs, which let students integrate knowledge across two or more disciplines. This design is intentional: it mirrors the complex, interdisciplinary nature of the real-world challenges graduates will face in their careers.
The most popular and academically competitive programs at LSE include:
-
BSc Economics: The department’s flagship program, which explores the complex economic forces shaping the global economy. It is the most popular major at LSE, with an applicant pool of over 3,700 students each year.
-
BSc Finance: A rigorous, math-intensive program that provides students with a comprehensive foundation in corporate finance, asset pricing, financial mathematics, and risk management.
-
LLB Bachelor of Laws: A globally recognised law degree that combines core legal principles with the practical skills required to succeed in the legal profession.
-
BSc International Relations: A program that examines the complexities of global politics, international security, and the forces shaping the modern international system.
-
BSc Data Science: A cutting-edge program that integrates statistical analysis, machine learning, and computational methods to solve real-world problems in economics, finance, and public policy.
-
BSc Management: A program that builds a strong foundation in core business principles, organisational behaviour, and strategic management.
3.2 Teaching Methodology
LSE’s teaching methodology is rooted in the belief that active, critical engagement with ideas is the best way to learn. The approach is highly interactive, designed to encourage students to question assumptions, evaluate evidence, and defend their own ideas – skills that are invaluable in any professional career. The curriculum is structured to blend the two core elements of academic learning: theoretical knowledge and practical application.
Instruction is delivered through a dynamic mix of formal lectures, small-group seminars, and one-on-one or small-group academic tutorials. Lectures are used to introduce core foundational concepts and frameworks, while seminars and tutorials provide a more intimate, interactive environment where students can delve deeper into the material. In these smaller settings, students are expected to participate actively in academic discussions, present their own analysis of complex issues, and defend their ideas against constructive criticism.
The university places a strong emphasis on independent study – the ability to conduct original research, think critically about complex problems, and develop well-reasoned conclusions. This is reflected in the assessment structure: while some courses will include midterm or final written examinations, the majority of the overall grade is based on in-depth research papers, critical analysis essays, and other written assignments. For example, in a typical politics or international relations course, a single 5,000-word research paper can account for 40% of the final grade.
3.3 Duration and Credits
The standard LSE undergraduate degree follows the traditional UK university structure: it is designed to be completed in three years of full-time study. The only exception is the BSc Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) program, which requires four years of full-time study to complete.
To graduate with a London School of Economics undergraduate diploma, students must earn a total of 360 UK credits – equivalent to 180 ECTS credits in the European higher education system. These credits are accumulated gradually over the course of the degree, with students required to complete a set number of mandatory core courses and elective courses each academic year. The exact mix of core and elective courses varies depending on the student’s specific degree program and major.
All courses at LSE are carefully structured to ensure students build a cumulative, comprehensive understanding of their field of study. Degree programs are designed to progress in difficulty: introductory first-year courses establish a basic academic foundation, while second- and third-year courses dive deeper into advanced, specialised topics. All courses are delivered on the university’s central London campus – there are no online-only undergraduate degree programs available at LSE.
4. London School of Economics Undergraduate Diploma: Graduate Outcomes
The strongest testament to the value of a London School of Economics undergraduate diploma lies in its graduate outcomes – the career achievements, employment rates, and salaries of LSE’s alumni. By every possible metric, LSE graduates rank among the most employable, sought-after, and highly compensated in the UK – and indeed, in the world.
4.1 Employment Rate and Salaries
LSE’s employment outcomes are among the strongest of any university in the UK – a reflection of the institution’s academic quality, its industry connections, and the dedicated career support provided to every student. According to the 2026 Times Good University Guide, LSE ranks second in the UK for its graduate employment rate, as measured by the national Graduate Outcomes survey.
This reputation is reinforced by the data on graduate career success. A full 92.5% of LSE graduates are employed in highly skilled, professional roles within 15 months of completing their degrees. This figure is far higher than the national average for UK universities – a testament to the consistent, high-level demand for LSE graduates from employers across every sector.
This employability translates to exceptional financial rewards, too. The median salary for LSE undergraduates 15 months after graduation is £40,000 – a figure that is significantly higher than the national average for all UK university graduates. For certain programs, the figures are even higher: the median salary for graduates of the BSc Accounting and Finance program, for example, reaches £38,500 at the same 15-month mark.
4.2 Top Industries and Employers
LSE graduates are not just employed in large numbers – they are employed by the world’s most prestigious and selective organisations, across every key industry. These employers consistently cite the same reasons for prioritising LSE graduates: their ability to analyze complex problems, think critically, and apply their academic knowledge to real-world challenges.
The top five industries hiring LSE undergraduate graduates are:
-
Financial and professional services
-
Technology, digital media, and data
-
Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG), manufacturing, and retail
-
Education, teaching, and academic research
-
Consulting and professional advisory services
Graduates of the school’s economics, finance, and accounting programs are particularly sought-after by the world’s leading investment banks and financial institutions – including Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, Morgan Stanley, and Deutsche Bank. For consulting roles, the top firms – such as McKinsey & Company, Boston Consulting Group, Deloitte, EY, and PwC – regularly target LSE students for their most competitive graduate schemes.
LSE’s influence is not limited to the private sector, however. Many graduates from the school’s politics, international relations, and social policy programs go on to build careers in public policy, government, and international organisations. Significant numbers of alumni work in the UK Parliament, the White House, the United Nations, and other global policy-making bodies. Others pursue careers at the world’s leading tech companies – including Google, Amazon, and Meta – where their expertise in data analysis, strategic thinking, and interpersonal skills is highly valued.
4.3 Alumni Network
The strength of an LSE education extends far beyond graduation – thanks to its vast, influential global alumni network. When students earn their London School of Economics undergraduate diploma, they gain lifetime access to this diverse, global community of more than 240,000 alumni, representing over 190 countries worldwide.
This network is one of the most valuable benefits of an LSE education. It includes an extraordinary number of high-profile members: 21 Nobel Prize winners, more than 40 former and current world leaders, and countless senior executives at the world’s most influential businesses, organisations, and government institutions. For international students, this global network is a powerful asset: it opens the door to professional connections, career opportunities, and mentorships that would be difficult to secure otherwise.
The university takes active steps to help students and graduates leverage this network throughout their careers. Its dedicated alumni office organises hundreds of professional and social events every year – both in the UK and in major cities across the world – to facilitate networking and connection. Alumni also have access to an exclusive online community platform, where they can connect with peers, search for job openings, and access exclusive professional development resources.
5. Student Life at London School of Economics
An LSE education is about more than just academics – it’s about the full, immersive student experience. The university’s central London campus, diverse student body, and extensive support services combine to create a unique environment that supports students’ academic, professional, and personal growth.
5.1 Campus and Location
LSE’s campus is located in the heart of central London – in the City of Westminster, one of the UK’s most important political and cultural hubs. This compact, modern campus is situated in a historic, vibrant area, in close proximity to many of the city’s most famous landmarks and key institutions. It is also just a short walk from some of London’s most important professional centres – including the Royal Courts of Justice, the UK Parliament, and the City of London’s financial district. This prime location gives students unparalleled access to internships, professional networking opportunities, and real-world academic experiences.
The surrounding area offers endless opportunities for entertainment, culture, and recreation. Covent Garden – London’s premier theatre, dining, and entertainment district – is just a five-minute walk from campus. The nearby South Bank is home to the city’s most famous theatres, museums, and art galleries. The surrounding neighbourhood also offers a vast range of shops, restaurants, cafes, and bars – catering to every taste, budget, and interest.
Despite its central location, LSE’s campus provides a tight-knit, inclusive community feel – a rarity in the centre of a major global city. The campus is self-contained, with all facilities within easy walking distance of one another. It features a mix of modern and historic buildings, with state-of-the-art lecture halls, seminar rooms, and specialized research centres. Students also have access to the university’s extensive library, which houses millions of books, journals, and digital resources – including rare archival materials that cannot be found anywhere else in the world.
5.2 Diversity and Community
LSE has a longstanding reputation as one of the most international universities in the world. This global diversity is one of the school’s greatest assets – it creates a unique, multicultural learning environment where students can gain insights into different cultures, perspectives, and ways of thinking.
Of the university’s more than 12,000 undergraduate students, over 40% are international – representing more than 140 countries across the globe. This diversity is not just a statistic – it is a defining feature of the LSE experience. Students learn just as much from their peers as they do from their professors: in seminars, group projects, and social settings, they are exposed to a wide range of cultural, political, and social perspectives. This kind of global exposure is invaluable in today’s interconnected, international professional workplace.
The university offers a wide range of events and activities to help international students adjust to life in London and build connections with their peers. There are more than 200 student-led societies, clubs, and organisations – covering every imaginable interest, from academic and professional groups to cultural, recreational, and sports clubs. These groups host hundreds of events each year – from academic conferences and guest lectures to cultural festivals, social mixers, and outdoor activities.
The LSE Students’ Union also provides comprehensive support services for international students – including practical advice on everything from opening a UK bank account to understanding the UK healthcare system. The union runs hundreds of events and programs throughout the year to help students build community, make friends, and adjust to life in a new country.
5.3 Support Services
LSE is deeply committed to the success of every student – and that commitment extends far beyond the classroom. The university provides a comprehensive range of support services designed to address the academic, personal, and professional needs of its diverse student body. These services are carefully tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by international students – from academic language support to career guidance and visa assistance.
For international students, the support begins before they even arrive on campus. The university’s dedicated International Student Support Office provides a comprehensive range of services – from pre-arrival guidance on visa applications and travel arrangements to practical support for settling into life in London. This includes assistance with opening a UK bank account, registering with a local doctor, and understanding the UK’s healthcare system.
Academically, the university’s Teaching and Learning Centre offers a wide range of programs and resources designed to help students adapt to the UK’s rigorous higher education environment. These include academic writing workshops, one-on-one tutoring sessions, and seminars on how to study effectively, conduct academic research, and participate in graduate-level seminars. The university also offers specialized English language support courses – including pre-sessional programs and in-sessional classes – designed to help students improve their academic writing and presentation skills.
Career support is another core focus at LSE. The university’s dedicated Career Hub offers a comprehensive range of services to help students plan and launch their professional careers. These include one-on-one career coaching, resume and cover letter reviews, and personalized advice on job search strategies. The hub also hosts hundreds of employer networking events, career fairs, and industry panels every year – bringing students face-to-face with recruiters from the world’s top employers. In addition, the university’s Ask an Alum AI tool connects students with successful LSE graduates, providing them with invaluable mentorship and industry insights.
6. FAQ About London School of Economics Undergraduate Diploma
6.1 Q1: How can I apply for an undergraduate program at LSE?
All undergraduate applicants – regardless of their country of origin – must submit their application through the UCAS portal, the UK’s centralised platform for undergraduate university applications. LSE does not accept direct applications or documents sent via email; all materials must be uploaded to the UCAS website. The application typically opens in September each year, and the deadline for all submissions is in early January – 10 months before the start of the fall semester.
6.2 Q2: What are the admission requirements for international students?
International students must meet the same high academic standards as UK-based applicants. LSE accepts a wide range of international qualifications – including A-levels, the IB Diploma, and AP courses – but every applicant must achieve the minimum specified grades for their intended program. These requirements vary by degree: for example, the standard offer for the BSc Economics program is AAA at A-level, while the IB Diploma requirement ranges from 37 to 39 points. Students must also submit their official high school transcripts, a personal statement, an academic reference letter, and a copy of their passport or other valid travel identification.
6.3 Q3: Does LSE offer scholarships to international students?
Yes, LSE offers a limited number of partial scholarships and bursaries to outstanding international students. These scholarships are awarded based on a combination of academic merit, financial need, and the student’s potential to contribute to the LSE community. However, the university’s scholarship budget is extremely limited, so the majority of international students must plan to cover their own tuition fees and living expenses. For more information on available scholarships, eligibility criteria, and application deadlines, students should visit the dedicated fees and funding section of the official LSE website.
6.4 Q4: What is the acceptance rate for LSE undergraduate programs?
LSE is one of the most competitive universities in the world. For its undergraduate programs, the overall acceptance rate is approximately 7% – meaning only 7 out of every 100 applicants are admitted. This rate varies significantly by program: for the most competitive economics programs, the offer rate is only around 27.35%. This means that meeting the minimum academic requirements is never enough to secure a place – applicants must also demonstrate exceptional intellectual curiosity, a genuine passion for their chosen field of study, and the ability to think critically and creatively.
6.5 Q5: Is an LSE undergraduate diploma recognized globally?
Yes, an LSE undergraduate diploma is one of the most widely recognized and respected academic qualifications in the world. LSE graduates are highly sought-after by employers across every industry – from finance and consulting to tech, law, and public policy. The university’s alumni network is also global and influential, with graduates working in senior positions at top organisations, governments, and international institutions in more than 190 countries worldwide. This reputation means that an LSE degree opens doors to professional opportunities in virtually every corner of the world.
6.6 Q6: What is the teaching methodology at LSE?
LSE’s teaching methodology is defined by its focus on applying theoretical knowledge to real-world problems. The curriculum is designed to be interactive and student-centered, with a strong emphasis on critical thinking, independent research, and active participation in academic discussions. Instruction is delivered through a combination of formal lectures, small-group seminars, and one-on-one or small-group tutorials. Lectures are used to introduce core concepts, while seminars and tutorials provide a more intimate environment for in-depth discussion and debate. Assessment is based on a combination of written examinations, research papers, essays, and other written assignments – reflecting the program’s focus on rigorous academic analysis.
6.7 Q7: What are the career prospects for LSE graduates?
The career prospects for LSE graduates are among the strongest of any university in the world. According to the latest data, 92.5% of LSE graduates are employed in highly skilled, professional roles within 15 months of graduation. The median salary for these graduates is £40,000 – significantly higher than the national average for UK university graduates. They are recruited by the world’s leading organisations – including top investment banks, consulting firms, tech companies, law firms, and international organisations. These employers consistently praise LSE graduates for their ability to analyze complex problems, think critically, and apply their academic knowledge to real-world challenges.
6.8 Q8: Can I work part-time while studying at LSE?
Yes, international students on a UK Student Visa are permitted to work part-time during their studies, as long as their visa conditions allow it. However, it is important to note that LSE’s undergraduate programs are extremely demanding – the coursework is rigorous, and the study pace is fast. Many students find it difficult to balance even a part-time job with their academic commitments. For this reason, the university recommends that students prioritise their studies and limit part-time work to no more than 10 hours per week.
7. Conclusion: Begin Your Journey With an LSE Undergraduate Diploma
A London School of Economics undergraduate diploma represents a transformative investment in your future. It is more than just an academic qualification – it is a gateway to the world’s top employers, access to a global network of influential peers and mentors, and an experience that will shape your intellectual and professional growth for life.
LSE’s reputation as the world’s leading specialist social science university is well-earned. Its rigorous, real-world focused curriculum, its location in the heart of London, its diverse and global student body, and its exceptional graduate outcomes combine to create an educational experience that is truly unmatched.
For international students, the value of an LSE education is particularly profound. The university’s focus on global issues, its diverse student body, and its connections to leading international organisations prepare graduates to build successful careers in an increasingly interconnected world. Its alumni network, which spans over 190 countries, provides lifelong professional connections and opportunities that would be difficult to find anywhere else.
If you are a motivated, ambitious international student with a passion for the social sciences, LSE may be the perfect place for you to pursue your undergraduate studies. However, the admissions process is extremely competitive – and preparation is key. You will need to build a strong academic record, write a compelling personal statement, and carefully prepare all required application documents.
7.1 CTA: Start Your LSE Application Journey Today
Thinking of applying to LSE? Our expert education consultants specialize in helping international students navigate the entire LSE application process – from selecting the right undergraduate program to crafting a compelling personal statement, preparing for admissions interviews, and submitting a polished, competitive application.
We provide personalized, one-on-one guidance tailored to your unique academic background, career goals, and personal circumstances. Our team has in-depth, firsthand knowledge of LSE’s admissions requirements and what the university looks for in prospective students. We can help you every step of the way – from researching programs and drafting your personal statement to submitting your application and preparing for any admissions interviews.
Don’t leave your LSE application to chance. [Contact our admissions consultants now] to schedule a free, no-obligation consultation – and take the first step toward earning your London School of Economics undergraduate diploma and building the career of your dreams.

中文











评论 (0)